Nestled on the east side of Tiananmen Square, the National Museum of China (国家博物馆) stands as the largest single-building museum in the world by floor area. Spanning five floors above ground and two below, it houses an impressive 48 exhibition halls. With a staggering collection of over 1.43 million artifacts, the museum offers a comprehensive glimpse into China’s rich history and vibrant culture.
Established in February 2003, the National Museum of China was born from the merger of the Chinese Historical Museum and the Chinese Revolutionary Museum. Located at No. 16 East Chang’an Street in Beijing’s Dongcheng District, it serves as a beacon for preserving, researching, exhibiting, and interpreting Chinese culture. The museum’s mission extends beyond showcasing artifacts; it aims to foster cultural exchanges and deepen global understanding of China’s heritage.
2. Collection Highlights
1. Clay Eagle-Shape Ding (陶鹰鼎)
Representing the Yangshao culture from 6,000 years ago, the Clay Eagle-Shape Ding is a fascinating artifact that was once used as a chicken food basin. Its unique design almost earned it a spot as an Olympic mascot, highlighting its cultural significance and artistic appeal.
2. Painted Pottery Jar with Stork and Fish (彩绘鹳鱼石斧图陶缸)
Dating back over 6,000 years, this jar features China’s earliest known painted pottery. Originally serving as an underground ash pot, its intricate stork and fish designs offer a window into prehistoric art and burial practices.
3. Nine-Dragon Nine-Phoenix Crown (九龙九凤冠)
Excavated from the Ming Dynasty Tomb of the Empress Dowager Duan, this crown dazzles with 115 natural gemstones and 4,414 pearls. It symbolizes imperial power and exquisite craftsmanship, making it a standout piece in the museum’s collection.
4. Jade Burial Suit (金缕玉甲)
This remarkable suit belonged to Liu Xiu, King of Zhongshan, from the Western Han Dynasty. Composed of 1,203 jade pieces and 2,567 grams of gold thread, it reflects the era’s advanced jade craftsmanship and the cultural importance of jade in burial rites.
5. Houmuwu Ding (后母戊鼎)
The largest bronze vessel from the late Shang Dynasty, weighing an impressive 832.84 kg, the Houmuwu Ding is adorned with taotie patterns. Its size and intricate designs underscore its historical and cultural significance.
6. Square Zun with Four Sheep (四羊方尊)
A late Shang Dynasty bronze ritual vessel, the Square Zun with Four Sheep is the largest and most exquisite of its kind. Each corner features a meticulously crafted sheep, showcasing the high level of craftsmanship during that period.
7. Da Yu Ding (大盂鼎)
An early Western Zhou heavy vessel inscribed with 291 characters, the Da Yu Ding records admonitions against alcohol and its use in sacrificial rites. This artifact provides valuable insights into the social and religious practices of the time.
8. Drum and Song Figurines (击鼓说唱俑)
These Han Dynasty pottery figurines depict performers engaged in drum and song, vividly reflecting the folk art and entertainment of ancient China. Their lively expressions and dynamic poses bring history to life.
9. Bronze Storage Vessel with Curses (诅盟场面青铜储贝器)
Originating from the ancient Dian Kingdom in Yunnan, this vessel is carved with over 120 lifelike figures, depicting grand ceremonial scenes. It offers a glimpse into the ritualistic and social life of the Dian people.
10. Celadon Lotus Vase (青瓷莲花尊)
Known as the king of celadon, this Buddhist art treasure features exquisite craftsmanship that symbolizes the pinnacle of ceramic art. Its delicate lotus designs embody the serene beauty associated with Buddhist iconography.
11. Tang Sancai Camel Music Figurine (唐三彩载乐骆驼俑)
A vibrant Tang Dynasty colored pottery figurine, this camel supports a band of Hu and Han musicians performing, showcasing the cultural exchanges along the Silk Road during the flourishing Tang period.
12. Painted Pottery Basin with Human and Fish Faces (彩陶人面鱼纹盆)
A symbol of the Yangshao culture, this basin is part of burial artifacts with deep artistic and symbolic meanings. The intricate human and fish face designs highlight the cultural beliefs and artistic expressions of prehistoric China.
13. Jade Dragon (玉龙)
From the Hongshan Culture over 5,000 years ago, the Jade Dragon is crafted from dark green nephrite jade. As a symbol of authority, it is not allowed for international exhibition, underscoring its value and cultural significance.
3. Exhibits and Layout
1. Permanent Exhibitions
- Ancient China (古代中国): This exhibit provides a chronological journey through China’s history, from prehistoric times to the late imperial era.
- The Road of Rejuvenation (复兴之路): Focuses on China’s modern history, highlighting the nation’s path to rejuvenation and modernization.
2. Special Exhibitions
- Chinese Ancient Porcelain, Jade, Calligraphy, Painting, etc.: Showcases the finest examples of China’s artistic achievements across various mediums.
- International Exchange Exhibitions: Features collaborations with museums worldwide, promoting cultural dialogue and understanding.
3. Exhibition Halls Layout
Spanning from the basement to the fourth floor, the museum’s layout is thoughtfully divided by themes. Each floor hosts different halls, ensuring a diverse and comprehensive display of collections that cater to varied interests.
4. Visiting Information
1. Opening Hours and Tickets
- Hours: Open Tuesday to Sunday, 9:00 AM – 5:00 PM (last admission at 4:00 PM). Closed on Mondays.
- Admission: Free, but reservation is required in advance to manage the large influx of visitors.
2. Transportation Guide
- Subway: Take Line 1 to Tiananmen East Station (Exit C/D). Exit D is closer to the museum.
- Bus: Multiple bus routes are available for easy access.
- Other Options: Driving and walking are also convenient, depending on your location.
3. Visiting Routes and Must-see Exhibits
- Recommended Time: Allocate 2-3 hours for a fulfilling visit.
- Must-see Exhibits: Concentrate on the B1 level Ancient China exhibition hall, where many of the museum’s star artifacts are displayed.
5. Educational and Cultural Activities
1. Public Education Programs
Designed for primary and secondary students, the museum offers study programs that delve into China’s history and culture. Public lectures and thematic talks further enhance the educational experience.
2. Exhibition Events
The museum hosts a variety of temporary and international exchange exhibitions, along with cultural lectures and interactive experiences that engage visitors of all ages.
3. Digitalization and Artifact Revitalization
Leveraging modern technology, the National Museum of China ensures the preservation and dynamic display of artifacts. Smart exhibitions enhance visitor interaction, making history accessible and engaging.
6. Cultural Products
1. Types of Cultural Products
From refrigerator magnets and bookmarks to accessories and plush toys, the museum’s cultural products are inspired by its rich collections, allowing visitors to take a piece of history home.
2. Best-selling Products
Empress Xiaoduan’s Phoenix Crown Refrigerator Magnets and themed floral coffee memorabilia are among the top sellers, reflecting the museum’s iconic artifacts.
3. Significance of Cultural Products
These products not only serve as souvenirs but also encourage more people to visit the museum, fostering a deeper appreciation and understanding of cultural heritage.
7. Visitor Experience and Tips
1. Reservation and Ticketing Tips
Reserve your tickets in advance through official platforms to secure your spot. Utilize recommended times and strategies, such as booking during off-peak hours, to enhance your chances of obtaining tickets.
2. Guided Tours and Audio Guides
Choose between free and paid guided tour options or use audio guide applications for a self-paced exploration. These tools provide valuable insights and enrich your museum experience.
3. Visiting Tips
- Remember to bring your passport: Essential for entry and identification.
- Adhere to museum regulations: Respect the guidelines to ensure a pleasant visit for everyone.
- Plan your visit route efficiently: Prioritize must-see exhibits to make the most of your time.
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